The Eastern Bloc had been dissolved by the end of the Cold War period, and the New World Order was established. The rapid liberalization process accelerated transition to the free market economy. In this transition period, however, numerous political tensions occurring between some countries also transformed into conflicts and wars. Therefore, countries allocate their scarce resources to their national security rather than their development objectives, simultaneously gradually increasing their defense expenditures. Accordingly, the present study aims to examine the existence of the dynamic relationship between defense burden and unemployment for the selected nine post-Soviet countries that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union. By incorporating the annual data set of the nine post-Soviet countries over the period between 1996 and 2021, the results revealed that defense burden had no influence on unemployment in the short run, but did have a positive effect in the long run.
Cheng-Wen Lee1 and Andrian Dolfriandra Huruta2,3
In this paper, the effects of Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) and exports on economic growth in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Plus Three countries are explored. The panel data of a total of 13 countries pertaining to the period from 2008 to 2018 were analyzed. Based on the result of the Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test, the data fit to the random effect model. In a similar fashion, the Wald test suggests that there is no endogeneity problem in the given model. Furthermore, the results of the Hausman and Chow test also indicate that the random effect model is the most effective model to describe the effects of FDIs and exports on economic growth. The results prove that FDIs positively impact economic growth. In addition, exports also have a positive and meaningful effect on economic growth. Overall, the paper empirically confirms FDI-led growth and export-led growth. To conclude, the findings indicate the fact that FDIs and exports are crucial for boosting the economic growth of the ASEAN+3 countries. The ASEAN+3 region remains quite an attractive destination for international companies around the world when FDIs and trade are concerned.