Violeta Todorović, Jasmina Bogićević i Stefan Vržina
Upravljanje porezom na dobitak podrazumeva skup aktivnosti usmerenih na legalno minimiziranje ove obaveze. Usled fleksibilnosti poreskih zakona i razlika u oporezivanju dobitka između država, banke mogu biti u poziciji da značajno umanje svoje poresko opterećenje. Cilj rada je utvrđivanje efektivnog opterećenja porezom na dobitak u bankama u Republici Srbiji i ispitivanje uticaja oporezivanja dobitka na poslovanje banaka. Istraživanje sprovedeno na uzorku banaka, u periodu 2010-2016, je pokazalo da se efektivna stopa poreza na dobitak u bankama nalazi znatno ispod statutarne stope, najviše usled korišćenja poreskih podsticaja od strane države. Takođe, 25% opservacija je, uprkos ostvarenom dobitku pre oporezivanja, imalo efektivnu poresku stopu od 0%. Poslednje povećanje statutarne poreske stope u Republici Srbiji nije imalo uticaja na zaduženost banaka, ni u kratkom ni u dugom roku. To može biti indikator da se efekti poreskog štita ne uzimaju u obzir kada je statutarna poreska stopa relativno niska. U radu je, takođe, utvrđeno da efektivna poreska stopa nije u korelaciji sa profitabilnošću banaka.
Joshua Solomon Adeyele1, Gbenga Michael Ogungbenle1 and Ogorchukwu Augustine Isimoya2
Access to quality healthcare is the primary purpose for which the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in Nigeria was introduced. It is believed that the introduction of the NHIS for workers will reduce their engagement in health-risk behavior. Despite the existence of the NHIS, its enrollees (i.e. insured workers) are still complaining of the poor healthcare delivery by the service providers. As a result, some of them are still engaging themselves in a detrimental health-risk behavior due to public health workers’ moral hazard and a short supply of drugs in public hospitals. This study was undertaken in Jos metropolis so as to ascertain the extent to which moral hazard and the disclosure of partial information about the NHIS lead to a health-risk behavior among civil servants. The research has shown a moderate level of the moral hazard demonstrated by the NHIS service providers since, within the measurement range from 1 to 7, the overall average significantly falls to 4. Contrary to the moderate moral hazard demonstrated by the NHIS service providers, the majority of the NHIS enrollees were found to averagely demonstrate a low health-risk behavior.
Biljana Jovković
Bez postojanja sistema interne kontrole, u današnjim uslovima poslovanja upravljanje preduzećem bilo bi nezamislivo. Zahvaljujući kontroli, omogućeno je izvršavanje poslovnih aktivnosti u skladu sa planom, putem preventivnog suzbijanja devijantnih pojava koje bi mogle da ugroze ostvarenje definisanih ciljeva. Ukoliko sistem ne bi bio uspostavljen, preduzeće se potencijalno izlaže značajnim gubicima, čiji krajnji rezultat može biti propast i nestanak preduzeća. Cilj ovog rada je da ukaže na rangiranje i značaj pojedinih ciljeva sistema interne kontrole u praksi poslovanja preduzeća i, s tim u vezi, na potrebu uspostavljanja adekvantih kontrolnih aktivnosti kao dodatne mere za obezbeđenje ostvarenja proklamovanih poslovnih ciljeva preduzeća. Istraživanje je pokazalo da je najbolje rangirani cilj interne kontrole unapređenje tačnosti i pouzdanosti knjigovodstvenih i operativnih podataka, što ukazuje da preduzeća eksternu odgovornost prema regulatorima vide kao prioritet u svom poslovanju. Najniže rangiran cilj ocena poslovne efikasnosti govori u prilog sekundarnog položaja potreba internog informisanja u odnosu na eksterne izveštajne zahteve. U radu je učinjen pokušaj sveobuhvatne analizire načina implementacije interne kontrole u najvažnijim funkcijama preduzeća: prodaje, nabavke, proizvodnje, kadrovske, i finansijske funkcije.
Mustafa Kevser and Bilge Leyli Elitaş
The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of the ownership structures of banks on their financial performance. The quarterly data of the 13 banks listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange (BIST) were used for the period from 2005 to 2017. In the study, return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), Tobin’s Q ratio (TOBIN), earnings per share (EPS) and the price/earnings ratio (P/E) were used for the financial performance indicators. Family ownership, corporate ownership, managerial ownership, foreign ownership, the largest shareholder’s ownership, the ownership of the three largest shareholders, and the free-float rate were selected as the independent variables for the study. The leverage ratio, the total assets and the age of the banks were benefited from as the control variables. There are five models formed to analyze the relationship between the variables, and a regression analysis was carried out. The analyses point out the fact that the ownership structures of the banks have an effect on their financial performance. Besides, the results obtained by these analyses are suggested to be coherent for the agency theory as one of the fundamental theories of this subject.
Anh Thu Nguyen, Thanh Huong Vu, Thi Thanh Mai Nguyen, Thi Minh Phuong Nguyen and Thi Vu Ha Nguyen
The formation and development of border economic zones (BEZ) and cross-border economic zones (CBEZ) is not only an opportunity for the border regions, but also an engine for developing the supply chain and the production network as a result of border connectivity. The paper focuses on analyzing the conditions for the CBEZ in the border areas in the North of Vietnam, including Cao Bang, Lao Cai, Lang Son and Quang Ninh. There is a big difference in readiness for the establishment of the CBEZ among the four studied sites. However, connectivity needs the most improvement on all the sites, which includes both infrastructure connectivity and policy harmonization.
Milan Kocić i Katarina Radaković
U uslovima dinamičnog razvoja informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija, značajno je izmenjen tradicionalni način uspostavljanja komunikacije među potrošačima. Usmena komunikacija, kao jedan od bitnih marketinških instrumenata, dobija novu dimenziju, posredstvom digitalnih oblika komuniciranja. Imajući u vidu značaj društvenih medija za formiranje stavova i namera potrošača u pogledu procesa kupovine, cilj rada je dolaženje do relevantnih saznanja o uticaju elektronske interpersonalne komunikacije na ponašanje potrošača. Preciznije rečeno, primenom korelacione i višestruke regresione analize ispitano je da li kvantitet, kvalitet, vremenska zasnovanost informacija i kredibilitet izvora elektronske interpersonalne komunikacije utiču na poverenje potrošača u oblasti wellness ponude. Jednodimenzionalna regresiona analiza primenjena je kako bi se utvrdilo da li poverenje potrošača doprinosi kupovnoj nameri. Rezultati sprovedenog empirijskog istraživanja ukazuju na to da postoji statistički značajan uticaj elektronske interpersonalne komunikacije na poverenje potrošača, kao i da poverenje potrošača pozitivno utiče na nameru o kupovini kada je u pitanju izbor wellness sadržaja u Republici Srbiji.
Emilija Beker Pucar i Olgica Glavaški
U radu se razmatraju monetarne faze i okviri emergentnih zemalja Evropske unije (EU) na putu ka evro zoni (EZ). U prvoj fazi pre pristupanja EU, identifikovana su tri monetarna okvira, dok su u drugoj fazi pre pristupanja EZ, emergentne EU zemlje kombinovale targetiranje kursa sa rigidnim/fiksnim režimima deviznog kursa, s jedne strane, i inflaciono targetiranje (IT) sa Evropskim mehanizmom deviznog kursa (Exchange Rate Mechanism – ERM II), s druge strane. Poslednja faza monetarne konvergencije podrazumeva monetarnu ne-autonomiju unutar monetarne unije kao rigidnog režima kursa, pri čemu se devizni kurs i monetarne politike žrtvuju kao anticiklični instrumenti. Zemlje sa rigidnim režimima su podložnije makroekonomskom pregrejavanju, beležeći lošije makroekonomske performanse u poređenju sa zemljama fluktuirajućeg kursa. Teškoće pri održavanju stabilnosti unutar rigidnog monetarnog okruženja, kao što je monetarna unija, kao i inherentne slabosti EZ, krucijalni su motivi odlaganja pojedinih zemalja EU pristupanju ERM II target zoni.
Temitope Olamide Fagbemi1, Taiwo Azeez Olaniyi1 and Ayobolawole Adewale Ogundipe2
Due to the multiplicity and overburdening of Nigeria’s tax system, the economic units in which systemically important banks (SIBs) are included implement the corporate strategies that identify the loophole which minimizes, postpones, or entirely avoids tax payments so as to reduce its negative effect on financial performance. Therefore, this study examined the corporate tax planning and financial performance of systemically important banks in Nigeria. Ex-post facto was adopted as the research design in this study, while Pooled OLS was used to analyze the data. This study has shown that the effective tax rate has a negative and significant impact on financial performance. Thin capitalization has a positive significant impact on the financial performance of SIBs in Nigeria, whereas capital intensity and the lease option have demonstrated an insignificant impact on the financial performance of SIBs in the country. The study concluded that corporate tax planning affects financial performance depending on the adopted tax planning strategies. Likewise, the study recommended, among other things, that the tax authorities should engage in the tax reforms whereby the corporate tax rate is to be adjusted, and that banks should engage in the activities that can reduce the effective tax rate.
Mathew Olasehinde Fashagba1 and Emmanuel Olaniyi Dunmade2
This study is aimed at examining the difference between the retirement benefit of the old, pay-as-you-go pension scheme, and the new, contributory pension scheme (CPS). The data used in the study were obtained indirectly from secondary sources. In the study, the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Pearson Correlation methods are employed, aided by the SPSS for the purpose of data analysis. The study finds that the financial value of the retirement benefit of the old pension scheme is significantly higher than that of the new pension scheme. The study also finds that the benefits of the two pension schemes significantly follow the same trend. The study concludes that the new pension scheme pays out a lesser amount of the retirement benefit than the old. The study provides the recommendations for the efficient management of the investments in the pension fund so as to achieve a sufficient return in order to bridge the gap with respect to the retirement benefit between the two pension plans.
Şakir Sakarya1, Feyyaz Zeren2 and Hilmi Tunahan Akkuş1
Affecting a significant portion of the world economy, the commodity market is the world’s largest “nonfinancial” market. In addition to the other macroeconomic variables, commodity prices have a special importance for Islamic stock indices, which have improved in recent years because Islamic finance is a financial system based on the profit/loss sharing principle and supports the real sector’s activities. In this study, cointegration and the causality relationship between commodity markets (the Gold ounce and Brent oil) and the Participation-30 Index established by taking Islamic criteria into account were investigated in Turkey. As a result of the analysis, no cointegration relation was found between the Participation-30 Index and the commodity markets. According to these results, an investor investing in gold or oil will, in addition to the Participation-30 Index, diversify its portfolio with this commodity investment and minimize its risk. The fact that there is no relation between the variables according to the causality results indicates that the Participation-30 Islamic Indices’ structure is independent of commodity markets and conventional stock markets.