Taiwo Azeez Olaniyi and Babatunde Akinola
Traditional theories ignored the power of culture with respect to tax performance, even though culture does have an impact on everything that people do or decide not to do. This study examines the impact of the national culture dimensions: the power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation and indulgence on tax performance in ten African countries. A quantitative research design was adopted and a panel dataset from 2010 to 2016 was analyzed using the Panel-Corrected Standard Error estimator. The results show that indulgence indicates a significant positive impact on tax performance, the power distance, individualism and long-term orientation have a significant negative impact on tax performance, whereas masculinity and uncertainty avoidance have an insignificant impact. Thus, high tax performance is associated with a low power distance, low individualism, low short-term orientation, moderate uncertainty avoidance, masculinity and high indulgence. This study recommends that tax policymakers should consider cultural values when designing tax compliance legislation or when investigating possible behavioral irregularities.
Milena Nedeljković Knežević1, Maja Mijatov1 i Slađana Nedeljković2
Predmet istraživanja je značaj socio-demografskih karakteristika i dimenzija ličnosti zaposlenih za njihovo zadovoljstvo komunikacijom. Cilj je da se utvrde statistički značajni uticaji i korelacije između glavnih konstrukata u istraživanju sprovedenom na uzorku od 119 zaposlenih. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da, izuzev polne strukture ispitanika, sve ostale ispitivane socio-demografske karakteristike imaju uticaj na pojedine dimenzije zadovoljstva komunikacijom. Utvrđene su i korelacije između određenih dimenzija ličnosti i pojedinih dimenzija zadovoljstva komunikacijom zaposlenih. Dobijeni rezultati imaju niz praktičnih imlikacija. Potrebno je poboljšati kvalitet interpersonalnih relacija između visokoobrazovanih zaposlenih i njihovih nadređenih, što se može realizovati pružanjem veće autonomije u radu i izazovnijih radnih zadataka. Pored toga, potrebno je poboljšati uzlazne komunikacione kanale kako bi zaposleni na izvršnim radnim pozicijama nesmetano predstavili svoje ideje nadređenima. Zaposlene sa izraženim dimenzijama ličnosti Otvorenost za nova iskustva i Ekstraverzija je poželjno postaviti na one radne pozicije gde bi, u skladu sa njihovim znanjima, ostvarili najbolje rezultate.
Danijela Martinovic
The break-even point model is a well-known instrument for determining target production, income and costs for the purpose of gaining a zero profit. Although it is a concept that was present in the literature as early as in the late XIX century, the break-even point is applied in the contemporary business practice even today. This paper aims to demonstrate the advantages and limitations of the traditional (linear) and contemporary (nonlinear) break-even models. Particular attention is paid to the assumptions needed for a successful application of both models. The frequency of the use of the break-even point, limitations and assumptions were studied on a sample of 100 manufacturing enterprises in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research study has revealed management’s awareness of the potentials for applying the break-even point concept and the need to use the modern models that include assumptions pertaining to change in the key variables in the model. This results in the need to design such nonlinear, dynamic and stochastic models that best represent the dynamic conditions of contemporary business.
Ebiaghan Orits Frank
This study empirically investigates the nexus between the moral hazard hypothesis and the adoption of the Deposit Insurance Scheme (DIS) in Nigeria. Using the secondary data sourced from the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation’s (NDIC) annual reports and accounts, a multiple regression model was formulated, comprising a deposit insurance fund as a proxy for moral hazard (the dependent variable), whereas the asset quality indicators of Nigerian banks were the independent variables. The estimation technique according to the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was used to test the relationships between the variables. The study revealed a significant positive relationship between the asset quality indicators of Nigerian banks and the deposit insurance fund, which supports the moral hazard hypothesis. It is recommended that governments should strengthen their banking regulatory systems in order to mitigate the unintended risks which the adoption of the DIS portends.
Violeta Todorović, Jasmina Bogićević i Stefan Vržina
Upravljanje porezom na dobitak podrazumeva skup aktivnosti usmerenih na legalno minimiziranje ove obaveze. Usled fleksibilnosti poreskih zakona i razlika u oporezivanju dobitka između država, banke mogu biti u poziciji da značajno umanje svoje poresko opterećenje. Cilj rada je utvrđivanje efektivnog opterećenja porezom na dobitak u bankama u Republici Srbiji i ispitivanje uticaja oporezivanja dobitka na poslovanje banaka. Istraživanje sprovedeno na uzorku banaka, u periodu 2010-2016, je pokazalo da se efektivna stopa poreza na dobitak u bankama nalazi znatno ispod statutarne stope, najviše usled korišćenja poreskih podsticaja od strane države. Takođe, 25% opservacija je, uprkos ostvarenom dobitku pre oporezivanja, imalo efektivnu poresku stopu od 0%. Poslednje povećanje statutarne poreske stope u Republici Srbiji nije imalo uticaja na zaduženost banaka, ni u kratkom ni u dugom roku. To može biti indikator da se efekti poreskog štita ne uzimaju u obzir kada je statutarna poreska stopa relativno niska. U radu je, takođe, utvrđeno da efektivna poreska stopa nije u korelaciji sa profitabilnošću banaka.
Joshua Solomon Adeyele1, Gbenga Michael Ogungbenle1 and Ogorchukwu Augustine Isimoya2
Access to quality healthcare is the primary purpose for which the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in Nigeria was introduced. It is believed that the introduction of the NHIS for workers will reduce their engagement in health-risk behavior. Despite the existence of the NHIS, its enrollees (i.e. insured workers) are still complaining of the poor healthcare delivery by the service providers. As a result, some of them are still engaging themselves in a detrimental health-risk behavior due to public health workers’ moral hazard and a short supply of drugs in public hospitals. This study was undertaken in Jos metropolis so as to ascertain the extent to which moral hazard and the disclosure of partial information about the NHIS lead to a health-risk behavior among civil servants. The research has shown a moderate level of the moral hazard demonstrated by the NHIS service providers since, within the measurement range from 1 to 7, the overall average significantly falls to 4. Contrary to the moderate moral hazard demonstrated by the NHIS service providers, the majority of the NHIS enrollees were found to averagely demonstrate a low health-risk behavior.
Biljana Jovković
Bez postojanja sistema interne kontrole, u današnjim uslovima poslovanja upravljanje preduzećem bilo bi nezamislivo. Zahvaljujući kontroli, omogućeno je izvršavanje poslovnih aktivnosti u skladu sa planom, putem preventivnog suzbijanja devijantnih pojava koje bi mogle da ugroze ostvarenje definisanih ciljeva. Ukoliko sistem ne bi bio uspostavljen, preduzeće se potencijalno izlaže značajnim gubicima, čiji krajnji rezultat može biti propast i nestanak preduzeća. Cilj ovog rada je da ukaže na rangiranje i značaj pojedinih ciljeva sistema interne kontrole u praksi poslovanja preduzeća i, s tim u vezi, na potrebu uspostavljanja adekvantih kontrolnih aktivnosti kao dodatne mere za obezbeđenje ostvarenja proklamovanih poslovnih ciljeva preduzeća. Istraživanje je pokazalo da je najbolje rangirani cilj interne kontrole unapređenje tačnosti i pouzdanosti knjigovodstvenih i operativnih podataka, što ukazuje da preduzeća eksternu odgovornost prema regulatorima vide kao prioritet u svom poslovanju. Najniže rangiran cilj ocena poslovne efikasnosti govori u prilog sekundarnog položaja potreba internog informisanja u odnosu na eksterne izveštajne zahteve. U radu je učinjen pokušaj sveobuhvatne analizire načina implementacije interne kontrole u najvažnijim funkcijama preduzeća: prodaje, nabavke, proizvodnje, kadrovske, i finansijske funkcije.
Mustafa Kevser and Bilge Leyli Elitaş
The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of the ownership structures of banks on their financial performance. The quarterly data of the 13 banks listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange (BIST) were used for the period from 2005 to 2017. In the study, return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), Tobin’s Q ratio (TOBIN), earnings per share (EPS) and the price/earnings ratio (P/E) were used for the financial performance indicators. Family ownership, corporate ownership, managerial ownership, foreign ownership, the largest shareholder’s ownership, the ownership of the three largest shareholders, and the free-float rate were selected as the independent variables for the study. The leverage ratio, the total assets and the age of the banks were benefited from as the control variables. There are five models formed to analyze the relationship between the variables, and a regression analysis was carried out. The analyses point out the fact that the ownership structures of the banks have an effect on their financial performance. Besides, the results obtained by these analyses are suggested to be coherent for the agency theory as one of the fundamental theories of this subject.
Anh Thu Nguyen, Thanh Huong Vu, Thi Thanh Mai Nguyen, Thi Minh Phuong Nguyen and Thi Vu Ha Nguyen
The formation and development of border economic zones (BEZ) and cross-border economic zones (CBEZ) is not only an opportunity for the border regions, but also an engine for developing the supply chain and the production network as a result of border connectivity. The paper focuses on analyzing the conditions for the CBEZ in the border areas in the North of Vietnam, including Cao Bang, Lao Cai, Lang Son and Quang Ninh. There is a big difference in readiness for the establishment of the CBEZ among the four studied sites. However, connectivity needs the most improvement on all the sites, which includes both infrastructure connectivity and policy harmonization.
Milan Kocić i Katarina Radaković
U uslovima dinamičnog razvoja informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija, značajno je izmenjen tradicionalni način uspostavljanja komunikacije među potrošačima. Usmena komunikacija, kao jedan od bitnih marketinških instrumenata, dobija novu dimenziju, posredstvom digitalnih oblika komuniciranja. Imajući u vidu značaj društvenih medija za formiranje stavova i namera potrošača u pogledu procesa kupovine, cilj rada je dolaženje do relevantnih saznanja o uticaju elektronske interpersonalne komunikacije na ponašanje potrošača. Preciznije rečeno, primenom korelacione i višestruke regresione analize ispitano je da li kvantitet, kvalitet, vremenska zasnovanost informacija i kredibilitet izvora elektronske interpersonalne komunikacije utiču na poverenje potrošača u oblasti wellness ponude. Jednodimenzionalna regresiona analiza primenjena je kako bi se utvrdilo da li poverenje potrošača doprinosi kupovnoj nameri. Rezultati sprovedenog empirijskog istraživanja ukazuju na to da postoji statistički značajan uticaj elektronske interpersonalne komunikacije na poverenje potrošača, kao i da poverenje potrošača pozitivno utiče na nameru o kupovini kada je u pitanju izbor wellness sadržaja u Republici Srbiji.